460074	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14524	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14531	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14548	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14566	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14601	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
87294	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13503	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
136857	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13527	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13538	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13559	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13575	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13479	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
48044	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
20030	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
253443	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
253843	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
254542	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
13118	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13014	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13025	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13034	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13040	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13056	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13066	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13085	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13092	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13103	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13131	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13146	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13282	Category:Elbows 90 SR>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
121887	Category:Reducers>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
460138	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
460140	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
460144	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
400834	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14064	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14199	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13906	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13990	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14046	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14119	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14185	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
304016	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14007	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14225	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
14422	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
30072	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
317433	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
460090	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
82420	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
507767	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13731	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13663	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13670	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13704	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13719	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13741	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13748	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13799	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13658	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
13772	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
38618	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
316582	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
353074	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Import
466064	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
485988	Category:Caps>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
254979	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
255106	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
462080	Category:Reducers>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
263073	Category:Tees>Type:Extra Heavy>Type:Domestic
1069	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1076	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1118	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
256888	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
276706	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1081	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1090	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1096	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1107	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
275297	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1065	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
361810	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
256828	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
12875	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
129386	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12763	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12772	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12778	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12789	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12808	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12825	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12839	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12857	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12866	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12883	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12899	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12751	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
255290	Category:Caps>Type:Standard>Type:Import
364	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
366	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
374	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
379	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
384	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
388	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
400	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
406	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
411	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
415	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
254860	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
357	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
363	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
394	Category:Elbows 45>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
339944	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10870	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10875	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10882	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10896	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10902	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10911	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10930	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10940	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10950	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10959	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10970	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10983	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
255272	Category:Elbows 45 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
295	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
289	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
292	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
301	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
310	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
316	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
321	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
331	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
334	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
339	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
343	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
348	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
286	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
325	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
315826	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
104856	Category:Elbows 90>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
10617	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10631	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10641	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10646	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10656	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10661	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10666	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10671	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10680	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10686	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10692	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10697	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10699	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10706	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10728	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
172257	Category:Elbows 90 LR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
459434	Category:Elbows 90 SR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10785	Category:Elbows 90 SR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10789	Category:Elbows 90 SR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
10799	Category:Elbows 90 SR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
462520	Category:Elbows 90 SR>Type:Standard>Type:Import
730	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
902	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
967	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
240030	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
257060	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
813	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
261750	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
262504	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
262532	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
262702	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
678	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
684	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
691	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
716	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
721	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
741	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
750	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
757	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
794	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
803	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
825	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
846	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
851	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
873	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
894	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
954	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
978	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
982	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
272698	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1008	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1022	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
1030	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
255514	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
255797	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
255816	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
256218	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
256792	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
261762	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
262519	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
630	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
936	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
963	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
995	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
276268	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
293444	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
466065	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
349597	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
227757	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239202	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239238	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239256	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239272	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239297	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239359	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239529	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239613	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239629	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
252794	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
252827	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
252921	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
253045	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
253124	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
253308	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
253406	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
255467	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
256485	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
257189	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
258574	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
931	Category:Reducers>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
459466	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11852	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11886	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11932	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12078	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12103	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12235	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12260	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
300392	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11614	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11636	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11648	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11674	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11726	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11732	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11753	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11770	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11785	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11799	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11817	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11826	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11837	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11868	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11946	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11964	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11988	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12093	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12119	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12134	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12140	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12148	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12159	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12175	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12183	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12195	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12223	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12245	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
2057	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
5905	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
83535	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11629	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
459474	Category:Reducers Concentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
459479	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
459482	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12303	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12290	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12437	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12469	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12694	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12714	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
69702	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12405	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12482	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12532	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12595	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12608	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12621	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12639	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12653	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12656	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12686	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
154306	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
155057	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
155266	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
37581	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
442953	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
52486	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
464485	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
91113	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
124404	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12369	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12445	Category:Reducers Eccentric>Type:Standard>Type:Import
525	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
536	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
578	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
619	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
258328	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
435	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
446	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
451	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
456	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
459	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
472	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
481	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
484	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
518	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
528	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
554	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
558	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
563	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
607	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
613	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
228375	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239133	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
428	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
433	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
441	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
468	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
473	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
571	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
271058	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
280177	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
348598	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
232162	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
232314	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
239144	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
241595	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
242294	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
258076	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
258305	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
348429	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Domestic
479955	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11430	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11582	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
380112	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11197	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11204	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11221	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11230	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11243	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11255	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11270	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11285	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11307	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11314	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11319	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11325	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11333	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11344	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11454	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11466	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11480	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11488	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11529	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11534	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11564	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
11595	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
12155	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
434986	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
345927	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
235503	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
235540	Category:Tees>Type:Standard>Type:Import
16766	Category:Weld Rings
16792	Category:Weld Rings
16832	Category:Weld Rings
16752	Category:Weld Rings